ESSAY FOR ALL EXAMS

 

Industrial Sector of Pakistan. (Situation, Issues and Solutions)  

1. Introduction:

 2. Industrial Sector and Its Components:   

3. Importance of business Sector for a Country:

4. Different Phases of commercial Development in Pakistan: • 1950s: the time of Rapid Industrial Growth: • 1960s: the time of commercial Stabilization: • 1970s: Nationalization and its Impacts: • 1980s: Russian-Afghan war and Pro-Industrial policies of Zia: • 1990s: the last decade of Privatization: • Post 9/11: Commercialization under Musharraf: 5. Present Situation of commercial Sector of Pakistan: • Situation of producing sector: - Large Scale manufacturing sector.  - Small Scale manufacturing sector.  • Situation of Construction Sector: • Situation of Mining Sector: • Situation of Electricity Generation and Distribution Sector: 6. Issue Confronting the economic Sector of Pakistan: • Economic Issues: - Energy crisis. ​. - Huge bank spread.  - Devaluation of currency.  - Under-utilization of national resources.  - Lack of infrastructure. 

• Social Issues: - Marginalized role of girls.  - Overpopulation.  - Malnutrition and diseases.  - Corruption.  - Slackness and Lethargy.  • Political Issues: - Terrorism.  - Flawed Policies.  - International isolation.  - Political instability.  • Administrative Issues: - Poor performance of state-owned enterprises.  - Labyrinthine procedures and processes in government offices.  - law and order situation.  - Weak criminal justice system.  - Lack of specialize in R&D. 7. Some Workable Solutions to the economic Sector Issues: • Provision of Uninterrupted and Cheap Supply of Energy to the economic Sector on Preferential Basis: • Provision of Cheap and straightforward Credit Facility:  • Maximum Extraction and Utilization of Indigenous Mineral Resources: • Effective and Beneficial use of ladies Workplace: • Provision of Necessary Healthcare Facilities for the Labor: • Eradication of the Scourge of Terrorism: • Research based and Workable Industrial Policies: • Sustenance of Democracy and Political Stability: • Promotion of Public-Private Partnership: • Improved Law and Order Situation and Protection of Property Rights: • Reservation of considerable allow Research and Development: 8. Conclusion:​FB Group:     

(4) Pak-China Relations 1. Introduction:

2. Some Facts about China and Pakistan: 3. Historical evidence of Pak-China Friendship: - Border settlement between Pakistan and China.  - Role of China in Pakistan-India war. ​ - Chinese support for Pakistan at UNSC.  - China and Nuclear Program of Pakistan.  - Role of China within the Defense needs of Pakistan.  - Pakistan’s support to China at the days of isolation.  - Pakistan’s role in bridging the gap between China and US.  4. Present Contours of Pak-China Relations: • Economic Aspect: - Chinese investment within the sort of CPEC.  - Flourishing trade between two countries.  - FDI share from China.  - Cheap exports and Imports for China.  • Social Aspect. - Infrastructure development in Pakistan.  - Ongoing and future energy projects in Pakistan.  - Efforts for the eradication of terrorism.  - Upgraded living standards in Pakistan.  - Disaster management in Pakistan.  • Political Aspect: - Strings of Pearls policy.  - India as a mutual enemy.  - Stability of Afghanistan.  - US inclination toward India.  - Pakistan’s SCO membership.  - Strategic importance of Gwadar for China.  5. Challenges to the Friendship: - Uyghur separatist’s movement.  - Targeted killings of Chinese workers in Pakistan.  - Pakistan’s engagement with the US.  - Changing nature of China-India relationship.  - Failure of CPEC project.  - Increasing gaps between economies of both countries.  - Lack of harmony in political parties of Pakistan.  6. Recommendations for future Strengthening of Bonds: • Pakistan’s Role:

- No Support for terrorism in Xinjiang.  - Provision of foolproof security to Chinese workers.  - Political consensus over national agenda. - Early implementation of CPEC Projects.  - No Overtures to US at the price of China.  - Struggle for improvement of national image.  - Joint efforts for stability in Afghanistan.  • China’s Role. - Support for Kashmir Cause.  - More assistance in energy projects.  - Enhanced trade ties.  - Assistance within the field of Education and research and development.  - Pakistan’s entry into SCO.  7. Conclusion: 

(5) Democracy is not any more Vulnerable in Pakistan​. 1. Introduction: 2. an outline of Pakistan’s Political History: - the sport of musical chair in first nine years.  - jurisprudence of General Ayub Khan.  - Revival of democracy after the secession of People's Republic of Bangladesh.  - The murder of democracy and Zia regime.  - Era of 90s –the miracle of Article 58(2b).  - Plane Hijacking case and jurisprudence of Musharaf.  - Controlled democracy during Musharaf regime.  - Charter of democracy and revival of democracy in Pakistan.  3. Factors behind the derailment of Democracy in Past: - Absence of patriotic, nationalist, competent and better styled leadership.  - Overdependence on Army under the influence of antagonistic and uncongenial relations with neighboring countries.  - Anemic, impotent and spineless political institutions.  - Frail, feeble  4. Is Democracy still Vulnerable in Pakistan? No the case is modified as now we have: - Sovereign, watchful and well founded media institution.  - A vigilant and proactive civil society extremely alive to the importance of democracy.  - A judiciary that appears to be contrite and remorseful for its past character. 

- Political leadership which looks conscientious enough to shield democracy even at the price of non-public gains.  - Military leadership that appears to possess more inclination towards fulfilling its professional responsibilities.  - A recent experience of bitter repercussion of dictatorship in Musharraf regime.  5. Indispensability of the Sustenance of Democracy to the event of Pakistan: Democracy is vital because it: - Bestows upon the people political maturity and wisdom and enables them to decide on the simplest lot for managing their affairs.  - Ensures consensus-based deciding and helps within the formulation of coherent and practicable policies.  - Promotes the culture of accountability and wipeout the malaises of corruption, inefficiency and nepotism.  - Confers the sense of participation within the various sections of society and thus promotes national integration.  - Confers the sense of freedom upon citizens and wins their loyalty to the state.  - Fosters the culture of equality before law and investigators public faith in institutions.  - Brings political stability and provides an environment conducive to development and growth.  6. Recommendations for the longer term Strengthening of Democracy in Pakistan: - Introduction of meaningful electoral reforms.  - Strengthening regime institutions.  - Improve the performance of democratic government.  - Bringing in purposeful regulation of media to form it undergone and sensible.  - Enhancing contributory role of educational institutes.  - Ensuring independence of judiciary.  - Reform the government officials to enhance the performance of bureaucracy.  7. Conclusion:   

(6) Crisis of excellent Governance in Pakistan (Need for Reform and Institution Building)  1. Introduction:​. 2. Good Governance and Its Indicators: 3. Importance of excellent Governance for a country: - Importance for the Economic sector.  - Importance for the Political sector.  - Importance for the Social Sector.  4. Is Pakistan Confronting a crisis of fine Governance?.

Yes! the subsequent facts are proof:​. - General public’s shattered trust in Government.  - Absence of accountability culture in the slightest degree levels.  - Lack of transparency in functioning of public organizations.  - Prevalence of Procrastination and bureaucratic procedure in day to day government functioning.  - Inadequate participation of general public in deciding.  - Persistent existence of evil of corruption.  - Absence of rule of law.  - Highly unbalanced development and growth.  - Institutional decay.  - Inadequate delivery of social services.  5. Major Causes of the Deplorable Situation of Governance in Pakistan: - Frequent derailment of democracy.  - Impotent and puny judiciary.  - Absence of free and mature media.  - Shortsighted and self centered approach of politicians.  - Failure of educational institutions to supply good citizens.  - Excessive politicization of public sector.  - Dismal performance of the Watch Dog Institutes.  - Presence of lacunas and flaws within the criminal justice system.  - Lack of Checks and balance.  - Lack of civic awareness.  - Bureaucracy attitude. ​. 6. Some Measures Taken by Government to Ameliorate the Situation: - Enactment of Laws. - Establishment of monitoring organizations and committees.  - Introduction of internal checks and controls.  - Deliberation of introduction of civil services reforms.  7. Recommended Reforms for Institution Building and Improved Governance in Pakistan: - Active role of politicians, media and civil society to safeguard the democracy.  - Independent and responsible role of judiciary.  - Prudent and mature role of media.  - Introduction of civil services reforms to boost performance of bureaucracy.  - Introduction of technology publicly sector.  - Reformation of Watch Dog Institutes.  - Necessary statutory amendments to enhance the criminal justice system.  - Accountability in the slightest degree level.  - Public participation in higher cognitive process.  - Role of educational institutions to provide good citizens.  8. Conclusion

Different types of Media: - medium.  - Electronic Media.  • Social Media and its Types: - Blogs and Microblogs.  - Social networking sites (Face book).  - Social Commerce (Amazon, Alibaba) - Social Media news (Digg).  - VoIP Software (Skype, MSN).  • Social Media as a source of connecting people.  - Connecting with unknown people belonging to other nations and states.  - Connecting people one already know, regardless of their location.  - Possibility of staying connected with others around the clock.  - Little cost of maintaining connection.  - Fast and speedy connectivity.  - Easy tracing of lost contacts. ​. 3. Benefits of Connectivity through social Media: • Social:  - Shares information.  - Upgrades living standard.  - is source of education.  - Eliminates social biases.  • Economic: - Spreads political awareness.  - Assists in political deciding.  o Arab Spring 2011.  o General Elections in Pakistan 2013.  - Highlights public issues and grievances.  • Political: - Gives information on economic opportunities.  - Provide platform for economic activities. . - Renders assistance in economic higher cognitive process.  • Religious:​. - Imparts religious education.  - Eliminates religious biases.  - is platform of non secular preaching.  • Administrative: - is source of data sharing.

ESSAY FOR CSS

 

Outline 1.

 Introduction

2. Brief history of nuclear weapons

3. Perils of nuclear weapons

4. have to eliminate nuclear weapons

5. Global zero initiative

6. is that this goal achievable? Yes: a. Historical support b. Political will c. Strong public support d. New leadership

7. a way to achieve it? Procedure/Strategy: a. Ratification of NPT/CTBT b. Reduction by the US and Russia c. Elimination by all nuclear states d. Follow up: control mechanism

8. Creation of International Nuclear Fuel-Bank

9. Advantages of nuclear zero

10. Conclusion

“This is that the moment to start the work of seeking the peace of world without nuclear weapons” (Barak Obama)

Man has achieved tremendous progress in developing scientific technology for the welfare and well-being of humanity, but simultaneously, he has also developed weapons for his own destruction. to amass power–the most flagrant of all passions–he created weapons including explosive, chemical, biological and nuclear. Among them, the nuclear weapons are the foremost destructive causing mass destruction. Though, these are used once in history during the globe War-II, these have created a perpetual fear of annihilation among all humans. Now, with the evolving of a multi-cultural globalized world, there's a rise in momentum to develop a consensus for achieving Global Zero- elimination of all nuclear weapons. To achieve this initiative, the necessity is to sit down together, contemplate, devise a method and comply with divert this capability from weapons to welfare of humanity. the foremost resounding argument, generating urge to realize this surpass able task lies within the brief history of apocalyptic perils of nuclear weapons.

The perils of atomic weapons were manifest because the two cities of Japan were wreaked when the bombs were dropped on them. In Hiroshima, some 75,000 people were immediately killed by blast, fire and radiation. Another 70,000 died by the top of 1945. Three days later in Nagasaki, A-bomb killed about 40,000 people immediately, another 75,000 died by the top of 1945. Five days after Nagasaki’s flattening, Japan surrendered. But the impact didn’t stop there. Thousands of people died in following years thanks to radiation. Tens of thousands became disabled. Not only the people present at the time suffered but the ‘unborn’ also. Thousands of others were born with deformities and genetic disorders because of which successive generations have suffered.

The Americans and Japanese learned different lessons from these bombings. “The Americans lesson was; the nuclear weapons win wars, and thus have value. the Japanese learned that individual and nuclear weapons cannot co                                                                

exist.” (David Krieger, President Nuclear Age Peace Foundation). However, the danger posed by nuclear weapons today is much greater than the destruction they caused in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Today, the quantity of nuclear weapons round the world is about 30,000 bombs with far greater weight and destruction power. Even a fraction of those weapons could put an end to human further as other species on our planet. it's clear that if we don’t achieve ‘Global Zero’, our planet is usually in danger, of being converted into a ‘Ground Zero’. this might happen not only thanks to a deliberate act but also accidental incident. Therefore, there's a powerful reason that ‘these weapons must be abolished before they abolish us’.

The need to eliminate nuclear weapons isn't only because these may be used for destruction in war but also because they pose equal danger in times of peace. There are “Close Calls” to annihilation in various occasions. [In 1995] President Boris Yeltsin was informed that a nuclear missile was speeding towards the center of Russia. Russian nuclear forces, already on hair-trigger alert, were put in even higher alert. Russian policy necessitated a “launch on warning”. The fate of the world hung within the balance. Yeltsin wisely waited. And within those moments, the alarm declared false. “An unimaginable nuclear disaster had barely been avoided”, declared America’s Defense Monitor, Center for Defense Information, December 26, 1999.

Another, important incident materialized within the US on August 31, 2007. Air Force crew loaded six live nuclear warheads onto a 8-52 Bomber and flew from ‘Minot Air Force Base’ in ND to ‘Barksdak Air Force Base’ in cruising over the country’s heartland (Around 15 states). Each warhead was 10 times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In analysis report, America’s Defense science Board (DSB) revealed that ‘six of the planet’s most powerful weapons were missing and nobody noticed until they'd landed in Louisiana after flight of three ½ hours.’ The report concluded that ‘human error was at the guts of the incident.’

This incident underscores the chance of accidental atomic explosion threat because of ‘human error’ even within the country of its origin and within the ‘peace times’. it's important to notice that this incident occurred within the US, which claims to use world’s best safety standards for nuclear weapons. While the US itself keeps expressing concern over the security of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal.

It is learnt from these incidents that the humanity is at the chance of just single human error, if the nuclear weapons exist within the world. Therefore, wisdom entails elimination of all nuclear weapons so as to form the longer term of humanity—our generation and our future generations – safe and secure.

In addition, the conflict which was the pushing force behind nuclear race has ended 20 years ago. Also because of the interdependence of states within the current scenario, there's unlikeness of revival of such conflicts.

Moreover, the presence of nuclear weapons in some states provides reason and pretext for other ambitious nations to accumulate the identical status. This unwise race has itself caused devastating effects on economy and human development, particularly in developing countries.

One of the key world powers, the USSR too, collapsed under the heavy burden of extraordinary defense spending on economy. The developing countries like India, Pakistan, and D.P.R.K. also joined the race. They did achieve acquiring nuclear weapons but                                                                

their poor population is littered with abject poverty. a rustic like Pakistan, which is simply surviving at the sting of economic insolvency, could gain much economic process, had the resources been utilized for the welfare of individuals. Iranians are bearing the sanctions imposed by western powers through the UN for pursuing nuclear technology, which in step with them, is geared toward acquiring weapons.

Besides, the argument to possess nuclear weapons to keep up deterrence capability has also lost its ground. More the states acquire ‘nukes’, more the danger of their use builds-up. Moreover, the presence of nukes always poses risk of slipping into the hands of terrorists. Admiral Noel GayLer, a former commander-in-chief of the Pacific Command folks Navy, asks, “Is difference of nuclear weapons still possible?” He answers, “No”. He also questions, “Does nuclear disarmament imperil our security?” He answers, “No, it enhances it.” As human – beings are fallible, deterrence isn't an ideal system. It is failed by human error, accident, miscalculation or just miscommunication. “Does it be to risk the long run of our cities and even the human species on an unprovable theory?”, David Krieger, founding father of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.

This is why, fortunately, the initiative of achieving peace of the planet without nuclear weapons is gaining support among both the senior military and therefore the political leaders of the planet. The increasing number of leaders have realized what United States President said, “We must think anew and act anew.” Recently many world leaders have expressed willingness to maneuver towards this goal. British Prime Minister Garden Brown said in March 2008 that the United Kingdom was able to work for “a world that's free from nuclear weapons.” On December 5, 2008, Nicholas Sarkozy, the French President, while holding EU Presidency, wrote a letter to UN General Secretary, outlining an EU decide to advance global progress toward nuclear disarmament.

In order to seize this positive trend, to attain the commitment of the complete international community, and to re-energize effort for complete nuclear disarmament, a brand-new initiative “Global Zero” was launched on December 9, 2008, in Paris. The initiative was endorsed by 100 internationals political, military, business and civic leaders across the globe. The signatories included former US President Chief Executive, former Soviet leader Gorbachev, former British Foreign Secretary Margaret Becket, Queen Noor of Jordan, Ehasnul Haq, former Joint Chief of the Staff committee (JCSC) of Pakistan, former Indian National Security advisor Brajes Mishra.

Global Zero envisages eliminating nuclear weapons through phased and verified reduction over a period of years. Key steps include:

• Massive reduction in Russian-US arsenal. • Complete elimination to zero by all states. • Establishing verification system to stay check. • International management of the fuel cycle.

There are many positive indicators which indicate why this goal is achievable. First; there's a powerful historical support. Throughout the nuclear age, even at the peak of the conflict, leaders foresaw every day when the planet might be freed from nukes. In 1986, Soviet Premier Gorbachev and US President President of the United States agreed that: “A nuclear war could never be won and mustn't ever be fought.” In 1999, Chinese President Jiang Zemin stated: “There is not any reason why nuclear weapons shouldn't be comprehensively banned and completely destroyed.”

Second; as Jiang Zemin had emphasized in his statement, ‘What it takes to achieve this                                                                 

objective is not any quite a robust political will.’ the globe leaders trust the concept of a world without nukes and have the means to attain it. What they only need is that the ‘Political will’. Some analysts argue that whether or not the most important world powers comply with eliminate nuclear weapons, country like Iran may not comply with abandon its ambition. Though Iran’s WMD ambitions could be a fallacy, there's a robust reason why Iran would follow the course. “If there's growing support by nuclear powers and belief worldwide, i believe it becomes harder for any government, including Iran, to cross that barrier”, said Richard Burt, who was Washington’s Chief negotiator within the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) talks within the early 1990s. Naturally, no country can afford to air the one side and whole of the globe on the opposite.

Third; there's a powerful support among majority of the people round the world. A poll of 21 countries conducted by Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA), USA, shows that global opinion is overwhelmingly in favors of a global agreement for eliminating all nuclear weapons. 76 per cent of respondents, across all countries polled, favor such an agreement. because the popular opinion tends to direct the policies of governments, it's likely that the leaders would come to the table.

Fourth; at this point particular, there's a replacement and great opportunity. US President Barak Obama and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin have signaled to figure on nuclear disarmament. the previous declared, “This is that the moment to start the works of seeking the peace of a world without nuclear weapons.” Similarly, Russian Prime Minister Putin expressed in an exceedingly speech in September 2008 to “Close this Pandora’s Box”.

This new and unprecedented political support from the heads of the world’s most significant governments for zero nuclear weapons has made this goal possible. This moment offers both the chances and dangers. Possibilities; thanks to new leadership within the US which appears to support the goal of nuclear abolition. Dangers; because, if this moment passes without action, then the nuclear-race could quickly gather pace with more states acquiring weapons and therefore the risk of weapons falling into the hands of terrorists would increase.

This opportunity must be seized. it's the time for a brand-new setting out to achieve a world freed from nuclear weapons. This moment entails embracing possibilities and dispelling dangers. The phased and verifiable elimination of nuclear weapons is feasible. Here are a number of the steps needed to realize this goal: